Business Thai Digest: Feb 6, 2008

Here are the new terms in the business Thai cheat sheet.

English	Thai
Efficient	ประสิทธิภาพ
Propose	เสนอ
Responsible	รับผิดชอบ
Success	สำเร็จ

I don’t have much to say about this week’s words, except that I have a suspicious feeling that Thai speakers use the word ประสิทธิภาพ (efficient) a little more often than English speakers. I’ve heard Thai speakers use that word when I would have said “quality” (คุณภาพ). However, I suspect this may be a characteristic of the individuals I know, or even confirmation bias in myself.

The shocking truth: ใจ doesn’t mean “heart”!

The word ใจ (“jai”) is commonly misunderstood. People say that ใจ means “heart.” That is simplistic and incorrect. If anything, ใจ really means “mind.”

Admittedly, few words in any language always “mean something.” Context influences meaning. Consider รถ, which means “car,” right? Not exactly. รถ means “car” sometimes. Generally, รถ means “vehicle,” which is obvious when you consider these words: รถเข็น รถม้า รถตู้ รถถัง รถพ่วง รถไฟ (in English: cart, carriage, van, tank, semi, and train).

One way to think about it is that the word รถ means “car,” but the prefix รถ means “vehicle.” ใจ is no different, but I want to correct the ใจ/heart misunderstanding for two reasons:

1. It’s wrong.
2. It contributes to the bad myth that Thai is a primitive language or that Thai people are juvenile.

Let’s approach this objectively: count ใจ-words and see what the data reveals. In the tables below, the first column is the Thai word; the second column is the basic English translation; and the third column makes the case for the word if it is unclear, either by noting the literal translation or by citing similar English expressions.

The Case For “Mind”

All these ใจ-words relate to the concept of the mind, thought, or consciousness.

Thai	Translation	Notes
เข้าใจ	Understand	Literally, “enter mind”
จิตใจ	Thoughts, consciousness
รู้ใจ	Intimate	To know one’s mind
ตั้งใจ	Intend	Literally, “put mind”; “Set one’s mind [to something]”
ตัดสินใจ	Decide	“Make up your mind”
เกรงใจ	To mind someone	To be considerate
พอใจ	Satisfied	To get what you have in mind
ใจร้อน	Hot-headed, eager	Literally, “hot mind”
ใจเย็น	Cool-headed, level-headed	Literally “cool mind.” (Not “cold-hearted”)
เปลี่ยนใจ	Change one’s mind	Literally, “change mind”
น้ำใจ	Thoughtfulness
แปลกใจ	Surprising	Thought-provoking
ใส่ใจ	Careful	Or, “mindful”
ใจอ่อน	Yielding	Literally, “soft mind”
เอาแต่ใจตัว	Determined	“Headstrong”

The Case for “Heart”

All these ใจ-words clearly relate to the concept of the heart.

Thai	Translation	Notes
หัวใจ	Heart	The blood-pumping organ
ตกใจ	Startled	“My heart skipped a beat”
เสียใจ	Saddening	“Broken-hearted”
ดวงใจ	Sweetheart
ใจดี	Nice	“Kind-hearted”
ใจดำ	Cruel	“Black-hearted” (ostensibly)
หมดใจ	Wholeheartedly
ใจร้าย	Mean	“Heartless” (This is ร้าย, not ไร้; so no literal translation)
เจ็บใจ	Crushed	“Heartbroken”
กำลังใจ	Courage	หมดกำลังใจ means “disheartened”

Although I categorized it as a heart-word, I take issue with ใจดำ. It means “cruel,” but nobody actually says “black-hearted” in English. We say “cold-hearted.” When you translate “cold-hearted” literally, a Thai speaker will misunderstand you, hearing “level-headed.” Nonetheless, since “black-hearted” is understandable in English, it goes in.

The Case for Neither

These examples do not clearly contribute to the heart/mind debate. Some strike me as a little mind-like, but the correlation is not strong enough.

Thai	Translation	Notes
ดีใจ	Pleased
สนใจ	Interested
หายใจ	Breathe
ไว้ใจ	Trust	Maybe literally “to leave your mind” with someone with someone?
ประทับใจ	Impressed
จริงใจ	Sincere	Maybe literally “true heart” but that’s a stretch. I would say “straight shooter.”
แน่ใจ	Confident	Maybe literally “sure mind”?
ภูมิใจ	Proud
ตามใจ	Assent	“To go along [with someone]”
น้อยใจ	Sensitive	Or “offended”

Also note that some native Thai speakers (even educated ones) assert that their mind feels to them physically embodied in the center of their chests. But this fact contributes to neither the mind nor the heart argument. It only confirms that the concepts of mind and heart overlap for Thai speakers (as they do for English speakers). So this fact, while interesting, is not relevant to this analysis.

Conclusions

It’s pretty clear that most ใจ-words do not evoke the heart meaning, although some do indeed. Many seem connected to the English “mind” concept, directly or indirectly. Therefore, the argument that “ใจ means ‘heart'” is not compelling.

(We did not consider each word’s frequency of use, but the results would likely not change since each type of ใจ-word is in extremely common usage.)

So we have a convincing primary conclusion: That ใจ means “heart” is incorrect—it’s is a misleading oversimplification.

And we have a reasonable secondary conclusion: If there is one word that ใจ does mean, that word is “mind.”

Spine / สัน

Thai and English share the same concept of a spine. สัน means “spine,” for men and for books.

English speakers understand “spine” alone to mean the backbone. But in Thai, that is กระดูกสันหลัง—so it’s not a perfect match with English, but still easy to remember.

The spine of a book is สันหนังสือ (literally, “book spine”), correlating with English very closely.

Just remember that the spines (little sharp things) on porcupines and sea urchins are not the same word in Thai. That is a different concept with different words in each language.

Update February 4, 2008: Thanks to Rikker for pointing out in the comments that “ridge” is likely the best meaning for สัน. So go ahead and remember “spine” as a mnemonic for backbones and books; but to take it further, “ridge” is better for understanding.